When a client asked her a year ago to design a glossary to train an artificial intelligence system, translator Jessica Spengler realized she was going to train her own replacement.

¡°That was the day I really thought ... my job is going,¡± said the 52-year-old, who translates into English for German educational and historical organizations.

In the U.K., where services account for around 80% of the economy, AI has become flexible, fast and inexpensive competition for many white-collar workers, with the impacts beginning to emerge.