Investor confidence in Chinese AI startups is riding high, but obstacles to their long-term success range from U.S. export controls to the puzzle of how to become profitable.

This month, two leading players in China's artificial intelligence industry, Zhipu AI and MiniMax, made dazzling debuts on the Hong Kong stock exchange.

The pair are part of a wave of rapidly growing Chinese "AI tigers" spurred by another startup, DeepSeek, whose low-cost AI model, on par with U.S. rivals, stunned the world a year ago.